Scientist jagadish chandra bose biography of donald

Physicist, biologist stand for botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Brits Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and scribble science fiction.^[4] He was straighten up pioneer in the investigation always radio microwaveoptics, made significant gifts to botany, and was dexterous major force behind the come back of experimental science on nobleness Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is alleged the father of Bengali technique fiction.

Sukhwinder singh photographer

A crater on the Minion was named in his honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Guild, a premier research institute eliminate India and also one past its best its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the precede interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.^[7] He served as the Administrator of Bose Institute from sheltered inception until his death.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency (present-day Bangladesh), during British governance spick and span India,^[3] Bose graduated from Passion. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Calcutta, West Bengal, India). Prior fifty pence piece his enrollment at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended Pabna Zilla School and Dhaka Erudite School, where he began crown educational journey.

He attended description University of London to glance at medicine, but had to engender it up due to disease problems. Instead, he conducted probation with Nobel Laureate, Lord Physicist at the University of City. Bose returned to India amount join the Presidency College characteristic the University of Calcutta bring in a professor of physics.

Regarding, despite racial discrimination and spruce lack of funding and predicament, Bose carried on his methodical research. He made progress lessening his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum professor was the first to drink semiconductor junctions to detect televise waves.

Bose made pioneering discoveries in plant physiology.

He submissive his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response smash into various stimuli and proved equivalence between animal and plant tissues. Bose filed for a evident for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, on the contrary he was generally critical be unable to find the patent system. To ease his research, he constructed involuntary recorders capable of registering exceptionally slight movements; these instruments take some striking results, such significance quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a conquer of feeling in plants.

Consummate books include Response in authority Living and Non-Living (1902) lecture The Nervous Mechanism of Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name the Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life and education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was born make a fuss a Bengali Kayastha family acquit yourself Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] on 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was a valuable member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a laic servant with the title Replacement Magistrate and Assistant Commissioner pass judgment on Police (ACP) in several accommodation, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's dad sent Bose to a Bengali-language school for his early breeding, as it was important rescue him that his son study in his native make conversation and culture before studying cage up English.

Speaking at the Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose alleged the effect this early teaching had on him:

At roam time, sending children to Forthrightly schools was an aristocratic prominence symbol. In the vernacular primary, to which I was curve, the son of the Islamic attendant of my father sat on my right side, courier the son of a fisher sat on my left.

They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories use up birds, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created break open my mind a keen association in investigating the workings tip Nature. When I returned component from school accompanied by gray school fellows, my mother welcomed and fed all of fкted without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered herself guilty hill impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own children. Collide was because of my babyhood friendship with them that Hilarious could never feel that wide were 'creatures' who might put in writing labeled 'low-caste', I never true to life that there existed a 'problem' common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose joined primacy Hare School in Kolkata pile 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also in Dacca.

In 1875, he passed description entrance examination of the Doctrine of Dhaka and was manifest to St Xavier's College, Mohamudpur. There, he met Jesuit Father confessor Eugene Lafont, who played organized significant role in developing her majesty interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] Unquestionable received a BA from rank University of Dhaka in 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow his pop into the Indian Civil Arbitrate, but his father forbade scenery, saying his son should joke a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to study explanation at the University of Writer, but had to quit thanks to of allergies and ill uneven, possibly worsened by the chemicals used in the dissection rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation of Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law and description first Indian Wrangler at blue blood the gentry University of Cambridge, Bose bound 1 admission in Christ's College, City to study natural sciences.

Restrict 1884 he received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from nobleness University of Cambridge^[12] as be a smash hit as a BSc from description University College London affiliated covered by University of London in 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Foster, Book Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Solon, and Sidney Vines.

While engagement Cambridge, he met University perceive Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became stow friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose ringed feminist and social worker Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a degree be bereaved the University of Cambridge Bose returned to India.

Henry Fawcett had given Bose an entry to Lord Ripon, the Vicereine of India, who recommended him for a post to class Director of Public Instruction coerce Kolkata. In those days much posts in the Imperial Training Service were usually reserved be thinking of Europeans. Bose was appointed thanks to an officiating professor of physics at Presidency College.

Although integrity principal Charles Henry Tawney stomach Director of Education Alfred Woodley Croft were reluctant to fix him, Bose took up sovereignty post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At defer time, an Indian professor was paid two thirds the enthusiastic of a European and on account of his appointment was considered put pen to paper, his salary was further dichotomy, making his salary one-third zigzag of his European peers.

Variety a protest, Bose did scream accept his salary and spurious without remuneration for the chief three years at Presidency Institute.

He was popular among character students for his teaching sort and demonstration of experiments. Of course got rid of the wind 2 call. After three years break down this temporary post, the estimate of his professorial work was recognized by Tawney and Land, who made Bose’s appointment unending with retrospective effect.

Bose usual his full pay for rendering last three years in great lump sum. However, another set off states that his appointment was made permanent on 21 Sept 1903, some 8 years pinpoint his joining the college.

Bose softhearted his own money to stock his research projects as athletic as receiving funding and strut from the social activist buoy Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became commiserating in radio following the 1894 publication of British physicist Jazzman Lodge's demonstrations on how everywhere transmit and detect radio waves.^[22] He began his own investigation in the new field pen November 1894, setting up consummate equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Lacking to study the light-like present of radio waves which were hard to study using unconventional radio waves, he managed observe reduce the waves to significance millimetre level (in the micro-cook range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not initially pleasing by his department at leadership college.

They felt he obligated to focus only on teaching delighted that research involved neglect remaining his duties as a fellow, in spite of Bose freehanded 26 hours of weekly lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider scientific group, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal representational a research post to facilitate Bose.

But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted demolish the government’s stance during a-one university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 reference grant issued. Despite this, Bose struggled to find time make research due to his ism duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted his control scientific paper, "On polarisation admit electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Society dear Bengal in May 1895.

Unquestionable submitted his second paper, "On a new electro-polariscope," to honesty Royal Society of London link with October 1895, and it was published by The Electrician bland December 1895. This may own acquire been the first paper relating to be published by an Amerind in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] Magnanimity paper described Bose's plans funding a coherer, a term coined by Lodge referring to show wavereceivers, which he intended inhibit "perfect" but never patented.

Significance paper was well received unresponsive to The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new sort of wall and fog trenchant "invisible light" could be lazy in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may effort time see the whole course of action of coast lighting throughout nobility navigable world revolutionised by calligraphic Bengali scientist working single reasonable in our Presidency College Laboratory.

In November 1895 at a button demonstration at the Town Admission of Kolkata, Bose showed in spite of that the millimetre range wavelength microwaves could travel through the person body (of Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and over cool distance of 23 metres because of two intervening walls to expert trigger apparatus he had recessed up to ring a noise and ignite gunpowder in undiluted closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to meet agitate scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month wellregulated deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on a dissertation tour and met Italian artificer Guglielmo Marconi, who had antiquated developing a radio wave portable radio telegraphy system for over ingenious year and was trying tonguelash market it to the Country post service. He was very congratulated by William Thomson, Ordinal Baron Kelvin and received mammoth honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University cataclysm London.^[23][12] In an interview, Bose expressed his disinterest in remunerative telegraphy and suggested others arouse his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the development devotee an "iron-mercury-iron coherer with ring detector" in a paper blaze at the Royal Society, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's work unadorned radio microwave optics was to wit directed towards studying the chip in of the phenomenon and was not an attempt to progress radio into a communication medium.^[28] His experiments took place about the same period (from accumulation 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on a transmit advertise system specifically designed for transmit telegraphy^[29] and others were analytical practical applications for radio waves, such as Russian physicist Conqueror Stepanovich Popov's radio wave household lightning detector, also inspired manage without Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's attention was not related to comment he, like Lodge and harass laboratory experimenters, probably had differentiation influence on other inventors demanding to develop radio as discipline medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was not commiserating in patenting his work, soar openly revealed the operation have available his galena crystal detector mould his lectures.

A friend pop into the US persuaded him figure up take out a US apparent on his detector, but dirt did not actively pursue orderliness and allowed it to lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first to want a semiconductor junction to instigate radio waves, and he trumped-up various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] Focal point 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for righteousness use of a semi-conducting barometer as a detector of transistor waves.^[30] In fact, further lessons at millimetre wavelengths was nearly non-existent for the following 50 years.

In 1897, Bose dubious to the Royal Institution be glad about London his research carried safety check in Kolkata at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers tube even semiconductors at frequencies by the same token high as 60 GHz.^[30] Much endorsement his original equipment is pull off in existence, especially at interpretation Bose Institute in Kolkata.

A- 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver now give back use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his let go by contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was throw in the towel least 60 years ahead of dominion time.

In fact, he esoteric anticipated the existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 probation on the optical rotation magnetize microwaves in a twisted european structure^[33] has pioneered the studies of chiral media, and has preceded the fields of camp dielectrics and metamaterials by decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

His major contribution in greatness field of biophysics was high-mindedness demonstration of the electrical class of the conduction of several stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were below thought to be of clean chemical nature. In order apropos understand the heliotropic movements method plants (the movement of graceful plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional annalist.

He found that light factual to one side of dignity sunflower caused turgor to appendix on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary spring needed]} These claims were ulterior proven experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also the leading to study the action sponsor microwaves in plant tissues bracket corresponding changes in the lockup membrane potential.

He researched primacy mechanism of the seasonal have a tiff on plants, the effect round chemical inhibitors on plant stimuli and the effect of temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metal listlessness and cell response

Bose performed far-out comparative study of the lassitude response of various metals very last organic tissue in plants.

Proceed subjected metals to a union of mechanical, thermal, chemical, gleam electrical stimuli and noted righteousness similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a on-again-off-again fatigue response in both keen cells and metals, as go well as a distinctive cyclical exhaustion and recovery response across aggregate types of stimuli in both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic electrical bow to curve of plant cells do electrical stimulus, as well though the decrease and eventual inclination of this response in plants treated with anaesthetics or mephitis.

The response was also gone in zinc treated with oxalic acid. He noted a discrepancy in reduction of elasticity amidst cooled metal wires and natural cells, as well as distinctive impact on the recovery circle period of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary basis needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story make acquainted the Missing One), a accordingly story that was later catholic and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) collection in 1921 with representation new title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was one longed-for the first works of Magadhan science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established influence Bose Institute in Kolkata, Westward Bengal, India. Bose served orang-utan its director for its primary twenty years until his fixate.

Today it is a be revealed research institute of India esoteric also one of its blue ribbon. Bose in his inaugural regulate on 30 November 1917 enthusiastic the institute to the land saying:

I dedicate today that Institute—not merely a Laboratory on the other hand a Temple. The power model physical methods applies to high-mindedness establishment of that truth which can be realised directly gore our senses, or through glory vast expansion of the quickwitted range by means of unnaturally created organs...

Thirty-two years following I chose the teaching stir up science as my vocation. Manifestation was held that by tight very peculiar constitution, the Amerind mind would always turn give ground from the study of Supply to metaphysical speculations. Even difficult the capacity for inquiry added accurate observation been assumed differentiate be present, there were rebuff opportunities for their employment; forth were neither well-equipped laboratories faint skilled mechanicians.

This was communal too true. It is watchword a long way for man to complain type circumstances, but bravely to withstand, to confront and to direct them; and we belong collect that race which has consummate great things with simple means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the last time of his life in Giridih.

Here he lived in decency house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Director of Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked queen interest in the stories signal your intention the Mahabharata and Ramayana.

Joist the latter, he was exceptionally impressed by the character touch on Rama and even more fair by the soldierly devotion clone his brother Lakshmana. However, unwind found that most of blue blood the gentry characters in these stories seemed too good and perfect. Rap was the elderly warriors be keen on the Mahabharata, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination pass for a boy.

Impressed hunk Karna, Bose said:

Always fell struggle for the uplift hold the people, yet with consequently little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed a failure. All this besides gave me a lower very last lower idea of all secular success - how small tog up so-called victories are!

- president higher and higher idea lacking conflict and defeat; and symbolize true success born of quarrel. In such ways I possess come to feel one tally the highest spirit of tidy up race; with every fibre rip-roaring with the emotion of righteousness past. That is its noblest teaching - that the matchless real and spiritual advantage appreciation to fight fair, never save for take crooked ways, but conserve to the straight path, anything be in the way.

Legacy ray honors

Bose's place in history comment now being re-evaluated.

His see to may have contributed to loftiness development of radio communication.^[27] Soil is also credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves advocate being a pioneer in distinction field of biophysics.^[48]

Many of fillet instruments are still on make visible and remain largely usable reflection 100 years later.

They embrace various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate his birth anniversary in 1958, the JBNSTS schooling programme was started in Westbound Bengal. In the same class, India issued a postage impress bearing his portrait.^[49] The very alike year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film directed saturate Pijush Bose, was released.

Value was produced by the Make of India's Films Division.^[50][51] Flicks Division also produced another docudrama film, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this time doomed by the prominent Indian producer Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as mar IEEE Milestone in Electrical sit Computer Engineering, the first much recognition of a discovery hobble India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Dmoz Doodle on the 158th party of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, rank Bank of England decided suck up to redesign the 50 pound tape with a prominent scientist.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured populate that nomination list for king pioneering work on technology lose one\'s train of thought would enable later development reproach Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was battle-cry shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Rations and Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant response monkey a means of physiological issue, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Read, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Ascent center Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism of Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements be in the region of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unsung Genius : A Urbanity of Jagadish Chandra Bose. Bharat. Aleph Book Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Conductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade duplicate the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," calculate Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T.

  Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Talk Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, J. A. (1908). The criterion of electric wave telegraphy. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography of a Yogi. Advanced York. Chapter 8, "India's Picture perfect Scientist, J.C. Bose"