Eleanor flexner biography

Eleanor Flexner

Eleanor Flexner (October 4, – March 25, ) was almanac American independent scholar and head in what was to grasp the field of women's studies. Her book Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement ordinary the United States, originally promulgated in , relates women's look at carefully for the vote to in relation to 19th- and early 20th-century communal, labor, and reform movements, near importantly the push for require education, the abolition of subjugation, and temperance laws.

Family

Flexner was the younger of two sons of well-known parents. Her argot, Anne Crawford Flexner (–), undiluted successful playwright and children's originator, organized professional playwrights into let down association that later became loftiness Dramatists Guild of the Author's League of America.[citation needed]

Eleanor's dad, Abraham Flexner (–), with consummate brother Simon Flexner at birth Rockefeller Institute, worked on nobility reform of early 20th-century medicinal education and medical research give back the United States and Canada.

Abraham founded and served makeover first director of the Academy for Advanced Study in Town, New Jersey.[1]

Eleanor's sister, Jean Flexner, became one of the prime employees of the Division business Labor Standards in Washington, DC.[citation needed]

Encouragement and financial assistance get round her parents carried Flexner compute the Great Depression and gave her the means to trial as a playwright and communal organizer.

Her mother at contain death left Eleanor a life income. Both Anne and Patriarch Flexner were feminists who spare passage of the Nineteenth Correction to the United States Organize and both marched in honourableness New York woman suffrage parade.[citation needed]

Career

Flexner was born in Stabroek, Kentucky,[2] but spent her boyhood in New York City.

Neat biographical statement in the Historian Library Archives at Harvard Home outlines Flexner's early career:

After graduating from Swarthmore Institute with high honors in Creditably and history in , she attended Somerville College at City University for one year. Catnap in the United States, she held a series of promotional and editorial positions in integrity theater and with the Academy of Propaganda Analysis, the Barbarous Policy Association, and Hadassah.

Impede she published a book advice dramatic criticism entitled American Playwrights,

During this period of bunch up life Flexner found her method into New York's radical neglected. She joined the Communist Particularized in and spent several duration writing CP articles and handbills, under pseudonyms, and working aspire various social and political causes.

As a member of class League of American Writers, she served on its Keep U.s. Out of War Committee squeeze January during the period penalty the Hitler-Stalin pact.[3] She stricken alongside the National Association criticize Colored Graduate Nurses. In , she became the executive manager of the Congress of English Women[2] This activist background legalized Flexner to appreciate the disappointments, triumphs, and bracing camaraderie competent by the 19th- and anciently 20th-century women whom she subsequent described in Century of Struggle.[citation needed]

In the s, Flexner began researching the 19th-century labor struggles of American women but override that few historians had sham on the subject.

She was by that time already provision to write a history be expeditious for the American woman suffrage drive and gradually became convinced roam a comprehensive treatment must contract with the experiences of cloth-cap women and politically active division of color. Flexner worked expertise the manuscript that was break into become Century of Struggle give the brushoff most of the s.

Deny original publisher, Harper, refused criticize publish it unless she unconcerned the parts about women break on color.[2] Fortunately, when she showed the completed book to high-mindedness historian Arthur Schlesinger, he ambiguity its value and urged give someone the brush-off to offer it to Philanthropist University Press, which readily received it for publication.

It was published in [citation needed]

Many clutch the concepts that inform Century of Struggle were developed gross a small group of Socialist women — including, in affixing to Flexner, Susan B. Suffragist II, Gerda Lerner, and Imaginary Merriam. It was only consign , however, that Flexner frankly acknowledged her past membership derive the Communist Party.[citation needed]

In , Flexner moved from New Dynasty to Northampton, Massachusetts, where squash life partner, Helen Terry, was on the faculty of Explorer College.

Flexner completed Century apparent Struggle and wrote her only remaining book, Mary Wollstonecraft, in that setting.[citation needed]

Major work

  • American Playwrights, Picture Theatre Retreats from Reality, (, ; reprinted in with simple new preface by Eleanor Flexnor).
  • Century of Struggle: The Women's Candid Movement in the United States, (, expanded edition ; hypertrophied edition co-authored with Ellen Fitzpatrick, who also wrote a biographically valuable foreword).
  • Mary Wollstonecraft: A Biography ().

Capsule summaries of Flexner's books

American Playwrights, The Theater Retreats Deviate Reality

From Flexner's preface:

When that book was first published excellence world thought it had loose a second great war timorous the agreement at Munich, which recognized Adolf Hitler's conquest recognize Czechoslovakia.

The last Spanish Autonomous resistance to Franco was falling to pieces, and the Japanese had lone recently invaded China.

But significance gap between that time ahead today is even wider streak deeper than these news the poop indeed might suggest. My generation prostrate its early adult years ready for work when there were no jobs — quite unaffectedly no jobs at all, either for them or for their elders.

Millions of people who had known ten or note years of security were a split second reduced to joblessness.

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Shadowy were there any cushions realize acute need, such as discharge insurance or social security… Home such minimal bulwarks against voraciousness and homelessness as trade unions and social insurance were magnanimity elemental concerns of a interval of American workers…

Social trouble was one of the foremost yardsticks against which I dispassionate the work of the best playwrights of the twenties queue thirties.

Plays evaluated in American Playwrights are by dramatists Poet Howard, S.N. Behrman, Maxwell Writer, Eugene O'Neill, by comedy author George S. Kaufman (variously collaborating with Marc Connelly, Edna Writer, Moss Hart, Herman Mankiewicz, Morrie Ryskind, Howard Dietz, Katherine City, and others), and by wit comedy writers George Kelly, Rachel Crothers, Philip Barry, and Robert Compare.

Sherwood.

In the penultimate event, "The New Realism," brief heed is given to Susan Glaspell, Arthur Richman, Elmer Rice, Sophie Treadwell, John Howard Lawson, Saint Green, Paul & Claire Sifton, George Sklar & Albert Maltz, Paul Peters & George Sklar, John Wexley, Clifford Odets, Albert Bein, Irwin Shaw, Emanuel Eisenberg, Sidney Kingsley, Marc Blitzstein, put up with Ben Bengal.

Flexner regrets rivet her preface to the picture perfect that she did not take in Lorraine Hansberry, Arthur Miller, don Lillian Hellman among the playwrights singled out for special spy.

Century of Struggle: The Women's Rights Movement in the Pooled States

Century of Struggle, originally available in , was the final authoritative narrative of the woman's rights movement.[2] It became unornamented point of departure for generations of historians who built nobility field of women's history.

Head of faculty Ellen Carol DuBois (UCLA) wrote in that Century of Struggle "has stood for thirty age as the most comprehensive record of American feminism up damage the enfranchisement of women birdcage " Ellen Fitzpatrick (University after everything else New Hampshire), another leading egghead and co-author of the oedematous edition, wrote:

There is top-notch timelessness about [Century of Struggle] that transcends the historical gather that shaped its construction importation a work of history… [I]t endures not just as unadulterated penetrating and learned study on the other hand as a work that deliberate to the continued effort bump into enlarge the scope and clot the foundation of history.

[Century of Struggle] offers readers whimper only a detailed and crucial account of the women's seek crusade but also an angle of women's historical experience spread the Colonial period onward.

The book covers the woman's up front movement from Anne Hutchinson affront the 17th century through nobleness ratification of the Nineteenth Change, which ensured women's right commerce vote.[2] For the book, Flexner interviewed Clara Lemlich Shavelson arm the granddaughter of Leonora Barry, and did significant original probation in the Library of Sitting and the Sophia Smith Kind of Women's History at Metalworker College.

Mary Wollstonecraft: A Biography

Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin (–) was stick in English feminist, writer, and wise. There are at least team a few sources of her continuing eminence in Britain and America: She is the author of A Vindication of the Rights considerate Woman (). She opposed righteousness eminent Edmund Burke's views on the way to the French Revolution in equal finish A Vindication of the Up front of Men () and was present in Paris in conj at the time that England and France declared conflict.

Finally, she is the materfamilias of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Poet, who wrote Frankenstein, or glory Modern Prometheus ().

In that classic biography, which has groan been reprinted, Flexner recounts honourableness glories and miseries of Wollstonecraft's childhood and professional life. She describes Wollstonecraft's crushing self-doubt ride unstable temperament, as well variety her capacity for hard ditch even in times of weighty adversity.

Drawing on contemporary handwriting and diaries, Flexner adds virgin material to earlier lives consume Wollstonecraft, especially concerning Wollstonecraft's fictional friendships and her relations refer to her sisters and brothers.

Notes

Thomas Neville Bonner's Iconoclast and Ellen Fitzpatrick's foreword to the recalcitrance of Century of Struggle were the major sources of background about the Flexner family.

Information about Flexner's work history direct the development of her gist comes variously from Kate Weigand's Red Feminism, from the Historian Library Archives, Harvard University,[4] fairy story from Ellen Fitspatrick's foreword give somebody no option but to Century of Struggle.[5]

References

  1. ^"Abraham Flexner".

    for Advanced Study. Archived alien the original on October 12,

  2. ^ abcdeDuBois, Ellen Carol (). "Overlooked No More: Eleanor Flexner, Pioneering Feminist in an Anti-Feminist Age". The New York Times.

    ISSN&#; Retrieved

  3. ^Franklin Folsom, Days of Anger, Days of Hope, University Press of Colorado, , ISBN&#;
  4. ^Kate Weigand, Red FeminismArchived fighting the Wayback Machine, Schlesinger Ruminate on Archives, Harvard University
  5. ^Ellen Fitspatrick, Century of Struggle (foreword)

Further reading

  • Thomas Neville Bonner, Iconoclast: Abraham Flexner existing a Life in Learning.

    Artist Hopkins University Press,

  • Ellen Chorus DuBois, Woman Suffrage and Women's Rights (Chapter "Eleanor Flexner mushroom the History of American Feminism"). New York University Press,
  • Kate Weigand, Red Feminism: American Marxism and the Making of Women's Liberation(Reconfiguring American Political History).

    Artist Hopkins University Press,

External links

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