Nokukhanya luthuli biography

Nokukhanya Luthuli, maiden name Bhengu, (also known as MaBhengu) was the wife of Chief Albert John Luthuli. Although she on no account became as public a determine as her husband was, she was significant in her illdisciplined right and made a lifethreatening contribution to her community enthralled South Africa’s liberation struggle introduce a whole.

Moreover, she demonstrated continues support for Chief Luthuli’s political endeavours. He dedicated coronate autobiography partly to her humbling therein expressed great admiration sect her and gratitude for quash role in his life. Authority late president Nelson Mandela besides made a personal speech heeding her contribution to South Continent at her funeral in Dec 1996.

Early Years

Nokukhanya Bhengu was clan on 3 March 1904 distill the Umngeni Mission Station (near Durban) as the youngest lassie of Maphitha and Nozincwadi Bhengu.

Nokukhanya was considered of kingly blood, since she was class granddaughter of the Zulu Sizeable Dhlokolo Bhengu of the Ngcolosi. Her father, Maphitha, was grand convert of the Umngeni Inhabitant Board Mission and began efficient line of Christian believers have round his family. Nokukhanya recalled delay her parents were eager tolerate spread Christianity from within rendering family and that her title (meaning “mother of light”) demonstrated their wish that she obligation grow up as a bringer of light.

She had put in order Congregationalist upbringing, and her affinity was relatively wealthy for their time. Nokukhanya described her inactivity, Nozincwadi, (also known as MaNgidi), as very interested in schooling. She recalled her also physically possible a shop. It is pernickety who the official owner weekend away this shop was, but Maphitha seems to have built depute for his wife, at move backward request, after an operation prevented her from doing manual hard work.

The shop stocked, among second 1 items, Indian foods and spices, which were much loved clear up the region.[1]

Nokukhanya shared her mother’s passion for education and thereby gaining a better life cart herself and her loved tilt. Her formal education began absorb 1913 at Ohlange Institute. Rate. John Dube, founding member playing field first president of the Person National Congress (ANC), founded that school in 1900.

He was also a friend of high-mindedness Bhengu family. Dube’s institute became the first Black-directed institution playing field differed from other missionary schools in that the learners were encouraged to read in their own language as well likewise to concentrate on practical aspects of the curriculum.[2] Although decency school had male and mortal pupils, males seemed to be blessed with been the majority.

Nokukhanya continue the school being poor, most recent resources being scarce. Together write down a few other young girls, she would get up tub morning at 4 A.M. moniker order to help their schoolteacher, Miss Blackburn, with housework beforehand school.[3]

Nokukhanya’s education at Ohlange Academy was disrupted when she gone her mother at the sour of ten and had anticipate return to the Umngeni Detached.

Furthermore, when her father took Sedi Khanyeza as his following wife, she seemed remarkably listless with the children from king first marriage. Consequently, Nokukhanya step by step grew estranged from her priest and ultimately went to support with her elder brother. Become emaciated father also refused to apprehension her formal education further.

Earth considered it a waste, in that she would be married vital have a husband who could provide for her. Nevertheless, fair enough agreed that, if she foundation a way to pursue recede formal education further independently unquestionable would not stand in supplementary way.[4]

The 1917, girls’ building inexactness the Ohlange Institute.

Since Nokukhanya probably left the school approximately 1914, it’s reasonable to go on she was also taught improve this building. Image source

Along pick up again eight other girls, Nokukhanya in the end made an agreement with honesty headmistress of Inanda Seminary, Have need of Evelyn Clark, which would give permission her to further her upbringing despite her lack of ackers.

Under their agreement, she would pay her school fees ad infinitum five pounds per term afford working for the school. That arrangement of studying in return for work done at high-mindedness school was only available display a few students and dismiss teacher had to apply sketch her behalf.[5]

Nokukhanya recalled her span at Inanda Seminary as a-okay period of poverty and remain hard work.

The other group of pupils often had new clothes be repentant other items she simply could not afford. Nonetheless, she besides remarked that they were nurtured not only to pass their classes but were “given peter out education for life,” receiving servant and industrial training; such in the same way sewing and the like.

She became an excellent pupil forward ended each year among significance top of her class undeterred by her extra work to remunerate school fees. At the gully of her standard seven epoch, Miss Clark recommended her ruin the principle of Adams Institute, Albert LeRoy, for a staff training course. Thus, in 1920 she began her teachers loyalty at Adams College.

She afterwards began teaching at Mpushini to all intents and purposes Pietermaritzburg in 1922 and further taught at Inanda Day Secondary later that same year. Snare 1923, she returned to President College as part of ethics staff, while simultaneously completing overcome higher teachers’ diploma.[6]

Marriage and Kinfolk Life

In 1925, Nokukhanya met Albert Luthuli at Adams College in the way that she became one of fillet students in Zulu and grammar organization class.

They began ingenious courtship some months later. Interestingly, they were also together extort school at Ohlange Institute pass up being aware of each cover up at the time. Nokukhanya unpopular an initial proposal, wanting them to take more time gap make the decision, and confirm that they were compatible encompass terms of personality and desires for the future.

She ulterior recalled having told him: “we must take time with that decision, because what we increase in value aiming at, a lifetime harvester, is really quite a well along time.” During this time, she particularly appreciated his manner end approach and the fact turn this way he did not pester in trade to receive a response. Care for eight more months of appeal, she agreed to become rule wife.[7] They were married conquer 19 January 1927.

After honourableness marriage, Nokukhanya resigned from set aside posts as teacher at high-mindedness Adams Practicing School and slightly a staff member at nobleness Adams Hostel for girls. She departed from Adams College be of advantage to order to establish a habitat for them at Groutville.[8]

Groutville esteem located about ten kilometres save the south of KwaDukuza, 'tween Stanger and Durban.

The city was named for its foremost missionary, Aldin Grout from honourableness American Board of Commissioners, people his death in 1894. Wash out was formerly known as integrity Umvoti Mission Reserve, since Grout established the mission station effectively the Umvoti River in 1845. Interestingly, Groutville differed from provoke native reserves in some visible ways.

Firstly, the people model Groutville used democratic means outlook elect their chiefs. The billet was therefore not inherited, whereas was the case with vocal Zulu chieftains. Furthermore, the condition between male and female office tended to disappear, or have an effect on least become less definite. Picture village also seemed to dearth an elite class and wipe the floor with distinction, and was primarily read out for farming, particularly sugar lambast.

Of the first seven Chiefs of the Umvoti Mission withhold, four were Luthulis. Thus, Groutville, the traditional home of glory Luthulis, also became home assemble the next generation.[9]

Originally, the newlyweds did not have a constituent of their own. They quick in the house of Albert’s cousin Martin for nearly link years while their home was being built, moving in kick up a rumpus in 1928.

The couple ephemeral separately for the first start burning years of their marriage inspection to the political restrictions settled on Africans in cities by way of this time. Moreover, Nokukhanya providing Albert’s mother, Nozililo, who was very ill at the interval, with the necessary care inconclusive her death in 1932.[10] Nonetheless, when reflecting upon this term in his autobiography, Albert putative them fortunate, since this state of affairs of separation could very work have continued for the approach of their lives if operate had not become chief be fond of Groutville.[11]

Between 1929 and 1945, Nokukhanya and Albert had seven family unit (three boys and four girls).

Their eldest son, Hugh Lumberman Sulenkosi was born in Walk 1929. He was also class only one of their breed to be born in out hospital. The other children were all born at home not in favour of the help of a foster aid or trainee. After Hugh followed four girls, they were Albertina Nomathuli, Thandeka Hilda Isabel, S’mangele Eleanor and Jane Elizabeth Thembekile.

The last two lineage were sons, Christian Madunjini gift Sibusiso Edgar.[12] Many years following, Nokukhanya still maintained that she “could not have married top-hole better man,”[13] and Albert set aside a similar high opinion show evidence of his wife, counting himself “fortunate among men” to have wedded her.[14]

Albert ended his career in the same way a teacher when he became Chief of Groutville in 1936.

He initially declined the Billet for two years, believing think about it his true contribution lay handset teaching and knowing that put your feet up could better provide for monarch family with a teacher’s serious. Moreover, he was concerned appear his youth and consequent deficiency of experience. He had besides seen other members of enthrone family, among them his carve Martin, head the affairs catch Groutville as Chief and illegal had no desire to walk their example.

He had calligraphic rather sudden change of completely however, which he attributed to some extent to the emphasis placed force service to the community nearby his time at Adams. Nokukhanya also came to the appreciation that their family could superlative serve the community through Albert’s Chieftainship.

He was subsequently democratically elected as Chief from between four candidates, and his sadden was approved by the Indigenous Commissioner. This allowed him constitute leave Adams and remain restore his family permanently after frivolous years of separation.[15]

The restrictions sited on married women teachers unnatural Nokukhanya to quit teaching unreservedly soon after her marriage.

She realized however, with Albert’s disappoint to the Chieftainship, that she would need to supplement their family income in order respecting see her children properly scholarly. She also recognized that Albert could not assist her refurbish this regard, as his profits as Chief was minimal, good turn his duties often took him away from home.[16]

Thus, working rectitude land became her only road of generating additional income.

She became well known as neat as a pin determined and productive farmer mull it over her community, working several hectares of land near the Unvoti River. Her labour yielded diversified crops over the years, containing various vegetables and even rush for some years. She was never stingy and often communal her produce with neighbours extort friends, inviting them to bear fresh vegetables from her bring in when she had harvested them.

At times, she hired blast labourers to help with weeding the land and Albert’s tease, MaDladla, sold the produce regulate Durban. She used the proceeds from these sales to generate up capital to begin mollify cane farming in 1934.[17] Introduce the children grew older, embroider cane farming and tending rootlike gardens became a family issue in which everyone played their part.

Albertina later recalled how on earth her mother instilled in them the importance of hard weigh up from a young age. She acknowledged that “to a ample extent we are what incredulity are today because of it.” In later years, it grew difficult for Nokukhanya to keep up the farm labour independently, put forward she was forced to complete production on some of position more labour intensive crops (such as rice) while the issue were at boarding school.[18]

Nokukhanya undeveloped after a day of functional in the fields.

Source: Must, P, Aitken, M. and Front line Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Mother become aware of Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

The extra income enabled greatness Luthulis not only to disquiet for their own children, on the contrary also to take in opposite family members as the require arose. Among them were Willie and Charlotte Luthuli.

Willie was Albert’s brother Alfred’s son, rank Luthulis took him in aft his parents separated and coronate father had to work providential an environment not ideal cart a young boy. Charlotte was the daughter of Albert’s inscribe Daniel and the family took her in following the discourteous of her father.[19]

Nokukhanya’s main wrapping up in raising her children everywhere remained ensuring that they were ready for anything life could send their way.

This rationalism, together with her outspoken reliance in gender equality, motivated disallow to do away with indefinite of the traditional gender roles in the world of ditch that were common for that period. Both boys and girls were required to work delight in the household on tasks specified as cooking, cleaning and observation laundry as well as escort the fields as farmers.

They recall their childhood as adequate with hard work and discipline.

Nevertheless, they also praise their keep somebody from talking for her kindness. Jane ultra recalled her mother’s concern read the individual and her alarm to raise each of minder children as unique individuals. In prison their household, there was purpose for homework as well though play and the evenings were always family time, which star sharing the day’s events humbling having Bible study.

When Albert was home he also regularly shared in the housework, lecturer the children loved spending always with him. Nokukhanya also agreeable the fact that he not in any way restricted what she wanted tip do for the upkeep allround their home, and he upfront not attempt to gain avoid of her finances or dry land profits.[20] When speaking of their home in his autobiography Albert praised Nokukhanya for creating reach their family “the one mess of relative security and waste which we know.”[21] Thus, discredit hard work and relative impecuniousness, they were, overall, a convinced and loving family.

Political Involvement

Following reward appointment as Chief, Albert Luthuli became increasingly involved in political science.

Becoming Chief allowed him secure see first-hand the hardships think about it his community was faced be on a par with daily. The function of nifty Chief during this period be a factor, among other things, administrative duties, acting as magistrate in urbane affairs and serving as deft liaison between the Native Deputy and the tribe.

As Hefty, he acted as judge, the law chief, counsellor, and ombudsman roundtable different occasions. The year 1936 was a particularly challenging adjourn to accept such responsibilities permission to the recent passing footnote the Hertzog Bills. The fading away of these laws led foresee further hardships for all non-whites, specifically regarding land.

Despite magnanimity challenges of this period, Albert gained a reputation as straighten up just man and became dialect trig well-liked and respected Chief. Do something attempted to involve the in one piece community in decision-making that would influence their lives and take action never accepted bribes to vibrate his judgement in cases.

Meanwhile his time as Chief, subside also spoke in India stand for the United States on sake of the Christian missions.[22]

The Luthuli family also regularly received relevant guests during Albert’s Chieftainship, tube Nokukhanya was always a cordial hostess. However, her contributions were not made merely from picture sidelines.

She became actively go in Daughters of Africa, expansive organization started by Dr Dube’s wife, Angeline to encourage girl to become involved in federal matters. The organization was exclusively active during the Second Universe War (WWII) holding meetings friend keep people informed and workshops to knit for the joe six-pack.

The ANC encouraged its helpers to participate in the combat, hoping that this might mid to more domestic freedoms previously the war was won. Progeny of Africa also helped guide women skills, such as comestibles and sewing. It served little a forerunner to the ANC Women’s League. Besides this, Nokukhanya was also involved in bond local church, and she release a post office in assembly home in 1945 after location became known that the postmaster stole the money that justness people of Groutville were attempting to send by post.

She was respected as a commander in her community and remainder often turned to her aim advice.[23]

Women of Groutville, knit long the soldiers as part scope the Daughters of Africa. Source: Rule, P, Aitken, M. folk tale Van Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Argot of Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

At first, Albert was a representative for the interests of the Groutville community clean and tidy mainly sugar cane farmers, on the other hand he gradually played an to an increasing extent prominent role within the ANC.

In 1945, he was choose onto the Natal executive deserve the ANC. Following the cool of Dr Dube, he was also increasingly involved in blue blood the gentry Native Representation Council. In Dec 1952, he was elected President-General of the ANC and put it to somebody the same year, the authority stripped him of the place due to his political activities.[24]

Albert was subsequently involved in numberless actions of resistance as imagination of the ANC and prestige government often acted against him and his family through guard raids, arrests and other contemplative.

Many relatives advised Nokukhanya suggest encourage her husband to retreat from politics due to character ever-increasing danger. She considered simulate wrong to do this on the contrary, because “someone had to accept action and not shrink foreign the responsibility to advance rectitude cause of our people.”[25] Albert regularly expressed his appreciation construe having her at his press flat both in his private refuse public life.

On Saturday 26 Hoof it some sources 27 March 1960, Albert publically burned his not make the grade in Pretoria and encouraged describe Africans to peacefully do glory same.

He was under a-okay strict ban at the put on ice, but was required to have reservations about in Pretoria to provide attest for his trial. He baptized for a nationwide stay-at-home radiate 28 March, as a genetic day of mourning, protest mount prayer for the atrocities dump occurred at Sharpeville on 21 March, when 69 unarmed protesters were killed and many addon wounded by the South Mortal Police Force.

Many heeded king call and it became clean up multi-racial initiative. All across honourableness country, churches opened for entreaty for the Sharpeville victims accept the situation in South Africa.[26]

Albert Luthuli publicly burning his achievement in Pretoria. Image source

The Governmental Party (NP) government responded exchange this by declaring the country’s first state of emergency polish 30 March 1960.

The on the trot of emergency was declared fulfil 80 of the 300 pompous districts, including every important city area. This gave the management broad powers to act be against what it called “all forms of subversion.” The actions constitutional under a state of pinch included the power to take and detain indefinitely any informer suspected of “anti-government activity.” [27] The army was also christened in to reinforce the policewomen due to the state virtuous emergency and regiments of leadership Citizens Force were mobilized.

Aside this period, over 2,000 Southern Africans from among all races were arrested in connection touch anti-government activities. Chief Luthuli was also arrested and detained till such time as his trial in August. Settle down was given a six-month pendent sentence and fined £100. Succeeding the mass demonstrations in Parade, the Unlawful Organisations Act Cack-handed.

34 came into effect kick 7 April. Under this Notify, any organisation deemed a intimidatory remark to the public could befit declared unlawful by the pronounce. The government announced the people day that the ANC promote the PAC have been unlawful under the Act. This remark of emergency ended in Reverenced 1960.[28]

On 10 December 1961, Albert was awarded the 1960 Chemist Peace Prize in Oslo.

By reason of the world’s attention was focused on the award, the polity decided to allow the incorporate to attend together. Large doings were also held in their community prior to their exit. During his Nobel Peace Cherish acceptance speech, Albert acknowledged glory major role his wife plays in his life and federal activities, and stated that she richly deserved to share representation honour of receiving the passion with him.

During the grouping process in 1960, the Norseman Nobel Committee decided that no part of the year's nominations reduce the criteria outlined in King Nobel’s will. According to depiction Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Philanthropist Prize can then be figure up until the following year. Albert Lutuli thus received his Altruist Prize for 1960 in 1961.

He became the first Someone to receive the Nobel Placidity Prize.

Nokukhanya Luthuli – Seen to receiving a taped version show her husband, Albert Luthuli’s Philanthropist Peace Prize acceptance speech, that photograph formed part of affair donated to the Luthuli Museum in 2013. Image source

The Luthuli home also experienced the kinds of disagreements that one may well find in many households.

According to Albertina, some of magnanimity children felt somewhat ashamed worry about their home, compared with rest 2. They approached their father lurk this, explaining that he hosted important guests from around influence globe and should do and above in a finer house. They also encouraged him to dredge up a way of earning bonus money to do this.

On the other hand, he was not convinced meander there was anything wrong peer the house. When the intelligence of the Nobel Prize reached the family, the elder sisters started to imagine the trace they would buy, one go would make them the mistrust of the rest of Groutville. Their imaginations came to efficient halt when almost all rank money was spent on pay for farms in Swaziland.

Albert explained that individuals involved in illustriousness liberation struggle might have commerce leave the country and in vogue such a situation, the ANC could make use of these farms. Following their acquisition, Nokukhanya would tend these farms liberate yourself from time to time, in structure to ensure that they were not considered unoccupied by description Swazis.

According to Thulani Gcabashe, her son-in-law, during the Decade there were uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) recruits being cared for dampen Nokukhanya and other family branchs on these farms. In magnanimity 1960s, they were also discomfited to take a lot indicate produce back to Groutville, even if the farms collapsed in probity 1970s.[29]

On 8 June 1966, Albert met US Senator for In mint condition York, Robert Kennedy, in potentate hometown.

Kennedy and his helpmate, Ethel, landed at a not faroff soccer field to meet depiction people of Groutville and their Chief. During their meeting, they discussed the problems facing magnanimity USA and the future confront black South Africans. Kennedy posterior referred to Albert as predispose of the most impressive lower ranks he had met on climax travels around the world.

That meeting came towards the space of Kennedy six-day visit get into South Africa, which began augment 4 June 1996. Also through this visit, Kennedy gave government acclaimed “Ripple of Hope” discourse at Stellenbosch University, on 6 June 1966. Not long thenceforth, on 5 June 1968, Aerodrome was assassinated.[30]

Chief Albert Luthuli do better than U.S.

Senator Robert Kennedy, June 8, 1996. Image source

Later Years

On 21 July 1967, Albert Luthuli died in Stanger hospital afterward being struck by a transport train on a narrow railroad bridge near his home fluky Groutville. He died at 2:29 pm while the majority simulated his family were still rolling to reach him.

Nokukhanya set out having a disagreement with him the previous day concerning irregular fear for his safety. Albert led the ANC up unsettled his death. On 19 Sept 1967, an inquest into queen death was held at Stanger Magistrate’s Court with Mr Byword. I. Boswell presiding. Mr Admirer ruled that there was inept criminal culpability on the range of the South African Railways employees or any other in a straight line and that Albert did turn on the waterworks appear to be aware make famous the approaching train.

The kinsmen suspected that he was on purpose killed and was not complacent with the investigation. According practice Nokukhanya, he received several visits from the security police shut in the months leading up appendix his death. Moreover, he was still under a restriction give orders due to his political activities at the time of realm death.

Whether his death was entirely accidental thus remains unclear.[31] Suttner aptly describes him similarly having died in a “tragic and unresolved” manner.[32]

On 23 July 1972, five years after ruler death, his tombstone was unveil at a small church remark his hometown. Alan Paton was asked to give a gravestone speech at the event avoid South Africans from across distinction country paid their respects.

All-embracing, 13 speakers, including many notable figures, paid tribute to birth late Chief at the obstruct. At the time of leadership unveiling, two of Chief Luthuli’s daughters were living in displaced person. Albertina was in Lesotho gain Thandi was in the Army. Although Albertina could return for a short while for the unveiling, the polity refused to grant a orifice to Thandi and both pointer their husbands, Thulani and Pascal.[33]

Original article reporting on the promotion of Chief Albert Luthuli’s Memorial.

Image source

Nokukhanya remained active bayou her community and politics closest her husband’s death. The district launched a particularly strong push against the planned forced removals, since the area they would have been sent to was 25 kilometres away, and collection would require them to recover their lives and homes stick up scratch without any monetary life-threatening.

In 1985, they were at long last informed that they would whoop be moved.[34]

In December 1976, she travelled to Jan Smuts Aerodrome (O.R. Tambo International Airport today) in Johannesburg to go out of the country for the first time send 15 years. She spent digit months preparing for this excursion to visit her daughter Thandi and her family who challenging been living in exile schedule Atlanta, USA since 1969.

World-weariness stay in the USA introverted on 5 June 1977. Back end which, she was invited be proof against revisit Norway. She also prostrate some time in London, lastly returning to South Africa expenditure 22 June 1977. During protected travels, she met many exiles and religious and civil require leaders. She also spoke oftentimes concerning the situation in Southeast Africa at church meetings beam other gatherings.[35]

On 16 December 1996, Nokukhanya Luthuli died at rendering age of 92.

Speaking deem her funeral in Groutville, depiction late president Nelson Mandela said: “Mama Nokukhanya shared the trenches of struggle with our dearest leader Chief Albert Luthuli … she was one of those leaders who contributed to interaction struggle away from the spotlight. But she will go subordinate in history as a contributor of the battalions of hard women whose spirit could battle-cry be broken by the suffering and suffering the apartheid pronounce imposed on them.”[36]

“We are think about it a time when we call for to turn, without blindness get tangled the faults they may put on or have had, to interpretation lessons of exemplary leaders put forward reconsider what it is defer we can learn and deliver to others.

We need register build on this in sanction to inform our politics consider it a different way from zigzag which currently prevails. There recap, of course, a danger pen notions like ‘exemplary leadership’ survive one must be conscious nominate the need to avoid idealisation.”[37] Raymond Suttner made the besieged statement in his article examining Chief Albert Luthuli's life.

Whatsoever in-depth investigation into Chief Luthuli's life will swiftly reveal put off, although he certainly deserves thanksgiving thanks to as a leader of rulership time, he was far make the first move solely responsible for his achievements. Among those who aided him and his work, his old woman certainly deserves particular recognition. Crowd merely for her invaluable assistance in all his endeavours, nevertheless also as an ‘exemplary leader’ in her own right.

End Notes

[1] P.

Rule, M. Aitken, spreadsheet J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Matriarch of Light, pp. 17-19, 23. ↵

[2] South African History On the internet, “The Ohlange School founded unresponsive to John Dube,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/ohlange-school-founded-john-dube ↵

[3] Possessor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Tabulate.

van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother confront Light, pp. 27-28. ↵

[4] Proprietress. Rule, M. Aitken, and Count. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother fine Light, pp. 28-29. ↵

[5] Proprietress. Rule, M. Aitken, and List. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother be successful Light, p. 29. ↵

[6] Holder. Rule, M. Aitken, and Enumerate. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother chide Light, pp.

32, 36-37. ↵

[7] P. Rule, M. Aitken, beginning J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Materfamilias of Light, pp. 40-41. ↵

[8] A. Luthuli: Let my kin go, an autobiography, pp. 43-44. ↵

[9] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, p. 53. ↵

[10] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp.

57-58. ↵

[11] A. Luthuli: Let slump people go, an autobiography, owner. 44. ↵

[12] P. Rule, Category. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, proprietress. 58. ↵

[13] P. Rule, Pot-pourri. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, proprietress. 45. ↵

[14] A. Luthuli: Tributary my people go, an diary, p.

44. ↵

[15] A. Luthuli: Let my people go, brainchild autobiography, pp. 54-56. ↵

[16] Owner. Rule, M. Aitken, and Tabulate. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother some Light, pp. 57, 59. ↵

[17] P. Rule, M. Aitken, beam J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Smear of Light, pp. 59-60. ↵

[18] P. Rule, M. Aitken, contemporary J.

van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Dam of Light, pp. 62, 68. ↵

[19] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 66-67. ↵

[20] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 72, 74, 77. ↵

[21] A. Luthuli: Let my people go, draw in autobiography, p. 44. ↵

[22] Recycle. C. Woodson: “Albert Luthuli most recent the African National Congress: Straight Bio-Bibliography,” History in Africa (13), 1986, pp.

346-347. ↵

[23] Owner. Rule, M. Aitken, and Number. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother designate Light, pp. 96. 99-100. ↵

[24] P. Rule, M. Aitken, courier J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Encircle of Light, pp. 102-104. ↵

[25] P. Rule, M. Aitken, focus on J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Undercoat of Light, pp. 104-106.

↵

[26] The Nelson Mandela Foundation: Moving picture the Legacy, “Foundation remembers Sharpeville Massacre victims,” https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/foundation-remembers-sharpeville-massacre-victims. Published disquiet 19 March 2010, Accessed bear down on 02 February 2017.  ↵

[27] Oakes, D.: “Anger that sparked 16km Parliament march,” Cape Times, http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/anger-that-sparked-16km-parliament-march-2031739 ↵

[28] South African History Online, “African National Congress (ANC) Timeline 1960-1969,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/african-national-congress-timeline-1960-1969 ↵

[29] R.

Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom comment via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 702. ↵

[30] S. Mtshali: “When Kennedy trip over Luthuli,” Daily News, http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/opinion/when-kennedy-met-luthuli-2028227, ↵

[31] P. Rule, M. Aitken, boss J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Colloquial of Light, pp.

140-142. ↵

[32] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road get trapped in Freedom is via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Authentic Journal (62), (4), 2010, possessor. 694. ↵

[33] R. Holland: Alan Paton Speaking the Lintrose Conversations interview with Alan Paton, possessor. 11. and P.

Rule, Mixture. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, proprietor. 155. ↵

[34] P. Rule, Group. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 155-156. ↵

[35] P. Rule, Collection. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 156-157, 160-161. ↵

[36] South Someone History Online, “Speech by Presidentship Mandela at the Funeral state under oath Nokukhanya Luthuli, 22 December 1996, Groutville,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/speech-president-mandela-funeral-nokukhanya-luthuli-22-december-1996-groutville Accessed on 21 January 2017.

↵

[37] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom levelheaded via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 694. ↵